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The crusades were a series of religious wars held between the christians and the muslims. These were sanctioned by the latin church and hence referred to as the temple knights crusades. There is a difference in the period when the crusades were held and the state of affairs that existed then, passing on to the actual events that transpired in and around the crusades. The crusades number 7 to 9 were initiated mainly because the christians believed that they were putting a heavenly mission of recovery of the holy land and the tomb of christ in jerusalem. They had no plans of expansion or confronting the orthodox christians of this part of the world and the expeditions had no plans to confront the orthodox christians of this part of world and the expeditions had no plans to confront the orthodox christians of this part of world and the expeditions had no plans to confront the orthodox christians of this part of world and the expeditions had no plans to confront the orthodox crusades were christened after the cross that was worn by the attempters, latin christians. The first crusade called by pope urban second is considered one of the most successful crusades in bringing christians to the holy land and capturing jerusalem. The later crusades were not so successful and only ended up creating tons of problems.
The First Crusade
The first crusade began in 1096 and ended in 1099 with the capturing of jerusalem by the christians and set up four crusader states by the christians. They were able to establish a kingdom of jerusalem, the county of edessa, the principality of antioch, and the county of tripoli. This crusade managed to achieve its goals of capturing jerusalem and establishing christian kingdoms. The people who undertook this crusade mainly consisted of peasants and feudal lords expanding their areas of jurisdiction and interacting with different cultures. The inter mix of cultures lead to better trading prospects, ideas, and customs changing and leading to better relations with each other.
The Second Crusade
The second crusade from 1147 to 1149 was called after the fall of the county of edessa, a crusader state, to the muslim forces. This crusade, primarily led by king louis six and emperor conrad three of france and germany, failed to recapture odessa and consequently did not achieve any goals. The internal disputes and disagreements on the crusade strategy between the commanders contributed heavily to the failure of this crusade.
The Third Crusade
The third crusade began in 1189 and ended in 1192. It was launched after the news of jerusalem being conquered by saladin, leader of the muslim army, in 1187 broke out. This was the most famous crusade as the leaders consisted of the lion heart, king richard of england; king philip of france; and frederick barbarossa of germany. The crusade managed to reclaimed some coastal cities but could not recapture jerusalem. A deal was struck between richard and saladin that allowed the christians to visit jereselum.”
The Fourth Crusade
The fourth crusade of 1202 to 1204 ended with the sack of jerusalem instead of combating the muslims. Capturing and looting jeresulem was one of the main reasons the crusade failed to accomplish any goal. Instead of going to jerusalem, crusaders captured and looted constantinople, the capital of the byzantine empire, which was and still is a major christian city.
The Fifth Crusade
The fifth crusade of 1217 to 1221 attempted to achieve what earlier crusades had failed to accomplish. The crusaders captured egypt but failed to conquer jerusalem. The sixth crusade from 1248 to 1254 was led by king louis nine of france. The attempt was made to recapture jerusalem but ended with defeat of the french army. The crusade because of being weak was unable to accomplish even one of its targets.
The Seventh Crusade
The seventh crusade also failed miserably and ended without even achieving a single target. The last major crusade was the eighth crusade in 1270. The crusade was led by king charles of france. The crusade ended up being a catastrophe and the last blast of crusades ended with the ninth crusade of 1291 as reclaimed internally collapsed with the last remaining crusader state fall to the muslims.”
The crusades were marked with violent fighting, and the dress and equipment used by crusaders are still a fascination in many ways. They were quite different from normal clothes and were extremely tough as they had to serve for long hours and undergo a lot of wear and tear. The outfits of the crusaders reflected the times and the different countries they interacted with during the wars.
Armor was expensive and had to be made tough to serve the purpose. Since the crusades spanned more than a century, the designs changed too.
Crusader tunics were iconic clothing. They had a cross embroidered on the front and were knee length tunics. This was readily identified as the crusaders. They were made of wool or linen and were comfortable to wear during the harsh climatic conditions of the middle east. However crusader robes were heavy and not very easy to move about.
The armor included chain mail and plate armor of different types. Chain mail was made from rings of iron linked together. This was flexible and offered good protection. Plate armor came much later.
Metal helmets were also designed for protection. The conical shaped helmets had face guards and were known as nasal helmets, sugar loaf helmets, etc.
The weapons were also tough. The swords included straight swords known as broadswords and spiked tipped javelins used for close combat. Pole arms and two-handed swords were also there.
The crusaders established several kingdoms in jerusalem, antioch, tripoli, and edessa, which were called the crusader states. The zengid and ayyubid dynasties emerged in response to the crusader expansion, leading to a series of conflicts known as the crusades, which aimed to recapture or defend the holy land.
These crusades were bloody affairs that caused a lot of loss of life and property. These wars were undertaken by the christians against saracens and totally against jews. The third crusade was led by richard the lion heart, who fought saladin and lost jeresulum. In fact, he made a truce with saladin, who agreed and allowed the christians to travel to jeresulem.”
The crusades opened a direct connection between the east and the west by land and trade, which was one of the major reasons for many cultural exchanges. western and eastern christians maintained relations, leading to the establishment of the byzantine rite and other churches.
The crusaders introduced new practices to the east and the west, such as the increase in the consumption of spices, silk, and other luxury goods and cuisines, and the changes in warfare, architecture, and chivalric culture. The crusaders established the military order of the templars in 1120 and the hospitallers in 1113, who were the first missionaries and then became involved in banking and financial practices. Several laws were enacted on the development of trade, the rule of law, and the interaction between different communities with different faiths.”
The templar knights were the first person to develop the concept of credit or money banking system. They owned a number of financial institutions and then lending money to poor people on high interests. Only the rich people were able to return money. Even the prices of the day-to-day commodities skyrocketed, and the normal citizen had to face a lot of hardships.”
The templar knights crusades products for sale can be found in abundance because they were iconic. So were weapons, tools, and even armor and dresses, which were designed by them or worn at that time. Even portraits of weapons, tools, armor worn by them, and paintings of the battles and wars fought by them are easily available.
It is also historically correct that some designs may have been improved upon and brought in later because of the intermix between the cultures that were warring with each other. The artistry involved in creating even miniatures of the armor, weapons, and any memorabilia associated with the crusaders is mind bending.
The crusades led to permanent changes in europe and the middle east regarding how people perceived each other's cultures, religions, and economies. There was a significant shift in economic relations, cultural exchanges, and political alliances due to templar knights and the wars fought by them. Even today, the banking system is said to have evolved from the templar knights' practices. This gave rise to international trade and capitalism.
The crusader states created by the crusades were economically prosperous for some time until they declined due to the wars and loss of unity among the crusaders.
Many artifacts from the crusades have been discovered through systematic archaeology, including coins, weapons, pottery, religious items, and everyday objects. Excavation of items related to the crusaders requires careful planning and execution.
Excavation
Artifacts from the crusaders are excavated using both hand tools and machines. Hand tools constitute trowels, small picks, and brushes. It is all done very carefully, and nothing is damaged or destroyed. Power tools are used to do the initial excavation, but all the work is done by hand.
Before excavation, a map has to be developed using previous knowledge and literature, identification of relevant sites, and consideration of the topography and geography of the area. The artifacts recovered from the crusader sites were located accurately, and diagonal measurements were taken from corner stones. The excavation area is surrounded by wooden pegs. Before excavation, a rough map of the excavation area is prepared. The excavation area is mechanically and manually removed to a depth of at least 5 cm to remove the plants and upper part of the soil. Before digging with hands, a layer of at least 1 cm thick is removed with a spatula or knife. The excavation area is searched to a depth of 50 cm using a trowel to search for artifacts.
Storage
Storage problems come in because of the artefacts that are uncovered. Proper storage and preservation are of utmost importance. The type of material the artifacts is made of, the kind of environmental conditions it is stored in, and the status of the artifact and its condition influence the storage method.
Artifacts are cleaned using a soft brush and water and the water is replaced frequently as it gets dirty. Use acids and soap, strong cleaning agents, and abrasive cleaning agents to clean artifacts. Store clean artifacts in proper storage conditions, in low light and low humidity, and in a stable environment. Use archival-quality boxes and envelopes made from acid-free materials for storage. Metal artifacts are wrapped in acid-free tissue paper. Artifacts are categorized based on size, material, and type. Sort artifacts into small and large items, pottery, and bones.
A1. Should be viewed as a mix of short term tactical changes and long-term strategic consolidation of islam. The muslims regained almost all the territories that had been lost during the early crusades, and the period after the crusades witnessed the rise of the ottoman empire, which transformed the balance of power in europe and the neighboring regions for centuries to come.
A2. The crusades led to significant changes in military techniques and equipment in both the east and west. There was an exchange of weaponry, fortification techniques, and military strategies. The use of crossbows, siege techniques, and lighter armor became more prevalent due to the lessons learned from the crusades.
A3. The crusaders established trade routes and networks that connected europe with the east. This led to the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. Spices, silk, and other luxury items became highly sought after, significantly impacting european economies and culinary practices.
A4. Women played various roles during the crusades, though their participation as combatants was rare. They managed estates, supported knights, and sometimes participated in military ventures. Some military orders accepted female members, though this was uncommon compared to male involvement.
