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Several types of surge arresters are regularly used in telecommunication networks, each designed to protect equipment from voltage spikes and surges due to lightning, power fluctuations, or other transient events. These types differ in their application, voltage rating, and the level of protection they offer. Key variants include:
Secondary surge arresters
Secondary surge arresters are mounted at the distribution or service entrance level and occasionally near sensitive equipment. These arresters provide an additional layer of protection by filtering out residual surges that may have survived initial primary surge suppression. They are mainly used at telecom interfaces and the equipment side of the network. Areas with high surge activity or where service lines enter buildings require secondary surge arresters. They ensure that voltage surges on the telecommunication lines do not damage sensitive network equipment.
In-line surge arresters
In-line surge arresters are integrated directly into the signal path of coaxial cables or twisted pair wires in telecommunications. They protect against surges traveling along these lines by diverting excess voltage to the ground. Their main use is to protect CCTV, CATV, or broadband internet signals from power line surges or lightning strikes. An in-line model is preferable when a compact, low maintenance device is required. They are also good for installations where space is limited.
Coax cable surge arresters
These arresters are specifically designed for coaxial cables typically used in cable television, satellite systems, and internet services. They are integrated into the coax cable path to protect against voltage surges and lightning strikes. Coax cable surge arresters are used in outdoor antenna systems, satellite TV installations, and security camera systems. These arresters are ideal for users with cable-based services who need to protect multiple lines through a single device.
Primary surge arresters
The primary surge arresters are at the main power supply level of a telecommunications system. These arresters clamp high voltage transients and redirect surge currents away from the system operating circuitry. Their main application is in large telecom installations and at utility interfaces on telecom equipment. These arresters are installed in high-vaulting areas or where lightning activity is frequent. They protect the entire telecom system from devastating surges. They provide the first line of defence and failure for surge protection.
Hybrid surge arresters
A hybrid surge arrester combines several technologies, such as gas discharge tubes (GDT), metal oxide varistors (MOV), and silicon avalanche diodes, into a single device. Each technology handles a portion of the surge energy, providing broad-spectrum protection against different surge amplitudes. Hybrid arresters are used in this type of application, such as telecommunications, where high-speed digital signals must be protected along with lower-frequency analogue services. They are ideal for users needing protection across multiple signal types and voltages. These arresters are also suitable in areas with varying surge levels, like urban environments.
Telecom networks
These arresters protect the network infrastructure, including cellular towers and fibre optic systems, from voltage surges caused by lightning strikes or power fluctuations. This keeps surge arrester systems up and running. It helps maintain service availability by reducing downtime caused by power surges. They also protect the entire telecom system from high voltage transients, ensuring long-term reliability.
Data centres and server farms
Power surges can damage equipment within these facilities, resulting in data loss and service interruption. This means that the surge arresters protect servers, storage devices, and other critical IT equipment, ensuring they do not fail due to electrical surges. Data integrity is maintained due to the continuous operation of storage systems and databases, which is key for businesses reliant on data.
Industrial monitoring and control systems
Power surges could affect the operation of machinery control systems and sensors in industrial environments. In such cases, surge arresters help ensure that manufacturing operations are not interrupted by electrical surges. They ensure the smooth and safe operation of equipment, preventing control system resets and machinery damage. They also help reduce maintenance costs by protecting equipment from surges.
Broadcasting and media environments
Television and radio stations rely on surge arresters to protect transmission equipment from power surges. These upsurge arresters allow them to maintain signal strength and prevent interruptions in broadcasting. This helps protect primary transmitter and receiver equipment from surges, ensuring clear and uninterrupted communications. Both analogue and digital broadcasting are protected by these arresters.
Smart grid and energy management systems
With increasing power transit, surge arresters protect sensors and communication devices to maintain grid stability. They help protect smart grid equipment, including sensors and communication devices, from electrical surges. Their role is to ensure reliability and prevent outages in the electrical grid. They are also used to protect renewable energy systems like solar and wind power from surges, ensuring their sustained operation.
Some of the key surge arresters features and specifications are listed below:
Surge protection capability
These arresters are designed to handle high surge currents, usually measured in kiloamps (kA). Their job is to divert or dissipate excess surge energy safely. These are certified and rated according to international protection standards. For example, using the IEC or ANSI standards to surge protection device (SPD) classifications.
Clamping voltage
This is the voltage level at which the surge arrester begins to conduct excess energy after which the surge should be safely redirected. The lower the clamping voltage, the better the surge arresters' protection capability. They are also equipped with features to automatically disconnect faults and reconnect after protective fus, blown. This helps prevent damage during sustained overvoltage conditions.
Insulation measures and installation
These devices should be easily mounted in various environments, from data centres to outdoor telecom panels. Besides, they should be compatible with existing infrastructure so that their installation does not require major system modifications. Most newer models offer remote monitoring capabilities where installation can be performed quickly without special tools or training. There are also compact designs to fit in limited spaces, like telecom cabinets. Some even have indicators that will show when the unit is operating so that there is no need to open up any cabinet.
Signal integrity
Telecom systems require continuous data transmission with minimal signal disruption. Thus, surge arresters should not introduce significant attenuation or delay to the signal. What's more, they should be designed to operate across the frequency range used in telecom applications. These include wired and wireless communications. Also, a good number come with built-in filtering to eliminate electrical noise that could interfere with signal quality.
Multi-channel support
These devices are designed to support multiple telecommunication lines or channels to provide surge protection simultaneously. This means they can be used in diverse systems like VoIP, internet services, and cable TV. They are equipped with modular designs where additional channels can be added easily if need be. They also have isolated pairs to prevent cross-talk and ensure each line is protected without signal interference.
Mount the device
The first step in properly installing the surge arresters is to locate the proper mounting position, which could be in a telecom cabinet or outdoor shelter. After that, securely attach it to the required mounting surface using a drill and the required screws or anchors. This should be followed by arranging the communication cables passing through the surge arresters and connect them to the corresponding terminals.
Configure the system
Using the provided settings, derive the output by connecting the surge arrester output terminals to the corresponding protected equipment input or system. The equipment that needs protection could be located downstream of the surge arresters. Then power the system and enable the surge arresters for functional self-test.
Grounding and testing
Secure the grounding terminals to a suitable grounding point using compatible ground wire. Then, use a multimeter to test the ground connection to verify a complete level. Check for correct cabling by reading the surge arrestor manual. Finally, enable the system to read the power up message and check for functionality.
Surge arresters operate at peak performance when given proper care and maintenance. The following tips will help with their maintenance:
Periodic inspection
Surge arresters should be checked for physical damage like corrosion, burns, or loose connections at least once a quarter. Any visible sign that shows the device has met its end should be dealt with immediately by replacing the unit. At the same time, ensure the surrounding area is free of debris and that the unit has adequate airflow for cooling. Signs of overload, such as melted plastic or burnt components, should be monitored closely.
Testing surge arresters
Use prescribed methods to test the surge arresters at least biannually. During this test, the clamping voltage and operating conditions are evaluated. Any unit that fails to operate in these conditions should be replaced immediately. Besides, devices with fault indicators should be replaced once the alert is received. For models that include fuses, ensure the fuses are tested regularly to mitigate the risk of being exposed to surges.
Check grounding regularly
Ensure grounding integrity is well described in every documentation, as improper grounding could lead to surge arrester failure. A multimeter can be used to identify the LGTHS grounding measurements and check for continuity. Any breaks in the wire or connection should be fixed immediately to ensure proper grounding. Also, the ground rod itself should be inspected for corrosion at least once a year.
Keep up with the manufacturer's guidance
Consult the manufacturer's documentation to determine the maintenance needs since users can learn a lot from the manual. The product specifications often give maintenance benchmarks and service intervals. Ensure the updates are regularly applied if the unit needs software for performance. Replacement timelines for worn-out hardware will also be in the manufacturer's guidelines.
Watch out for operating conditions
For arresters that are placed outdoors, at least once a month should be considered in high-temperature areas, and monthly checks should be done in winter for those in cold regions. Extreme temperatures could negatively affect the device's performance, while debris and snow could cause obstruction. Therefore, debris and snow should be eliminated from the device, while snow should be done gently so as not to damage the unit.
A1: A telecom surge arrestor protects communication infrastructure from voltage surges caused by lightning, power surges, and electrostatic discharge. It ensures that these surges do not damage sensitive electronic equipment used in telecommunications, such as routers, switches, and servers, by diverting excess voltage to ground.
A2: Surge arresters work by clamping down on excess voltage caused by surges and redirecting the current to the ground. They typically use semiconductor components that detect when the voltage exceeds a certain threshold. They then divert the extra voltage away from the protected equipment. This diverts the excess voltage away from the system and to the ground.
A3: A surge suppressor (SD) and a surge protection device (SPD) are the same thing. Both terms refer to devices designed to protect electrical systems and equipment from voltage surges. They do this by redirecting or dissipating excess surge energy safely. The only difference is that SD is typically referred to in older standards, and SPD is the term now used in most recent standards.
A4: Although surge arresters and surge protectors are similar in terms of functionality, arrestors are primarily used in high-voltage power systems or telecommunication infrastructures, while protectors are used in low-voltage applications like home electronic devices. Besides, arrestors are usually installed outdoors, while protectors are indoors.
A5: The main benefit of using surge arresters is that they help in reducing damage caused by electrical surges. While they protect infrastructure, save operational costs, help avoid downtime and power-related equipment failure, and ensure the uninterrupted service of critical communication systems.
