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The two types of sub drip irrigation can be classified as either pressure compensated or non-pressure compensated.
Pressure compensated:
This type of sub-surface drip irrigation system uses pressure-compensating emitters. These emitters maintain a constant flow rate even with fluctuations in the supply water pressure. They are designed to provide a consistent drip rate regardless of changes in the system's water pressure. This ensures that each plant receives the optimal and uniform amount of water, which is especially important for plants with varying root depths or in a field with uneven topography. Pressure-compensating emitters are available in various flow rates and are suitable for all types of soils and crops.
Non-pressure compensated:
Non-pressure compensating emitters do not maintain a constant flow rate with changes in pressure. These are standard drip emitters that can be used in situations where the supply water pressure is relatively constant. Non-pressure compensating emitters are available in various flow rates and are suitable for all types of soils and crops. They are simple and easy to use and are ideal for small-scale and low-cost irrigation systems.
The design of a sub-surface drip irrigation system relies on the characteristics of the soil, the kind of crops being grown, and the topography of the land. The following are some crucial elements that must be taken into consideration when designing such systems:
Dripper Selection:
Choosing the right dripper is essential for the system's efficiency. Consider factors such as flow rate, pressure compensation, and clogging resistance. Low-pressure compensating drippers are suitable for flat terrains, while pressure-compensating drippers are ideal for hilly areas to maintain uniform water supply across different elevations.
Pipe Material and Diameter:
The pipes in sub-surface drip irrigation systems are made from either PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or PE (polyethylene), both of which are strong enough to withstand underground installation. The diameter of these pipes depends on how much water needs to be transported; larger volumes require wider diameters.
Emitter Spacing:
Emitter spacing determines the uniformity of water distribution. Close spacing is suitable for high water-demand crops, while wider spacing works for deep-rooted plants. Emitter spacing also depends on soil type and texture; sandy soils require closer spacing due to rapid infiltration, while clay soils suit wider spacing because of slower infiltration.
Filtration and Fertigation:
Sub-surface drip irrigation requires proper filtration to remove particles that could clog emitters. Fertigation, injecting fertilizers into the irrigation system, is another way of supplying nutrients to plants with minimum wastage of fertilizers. Special equipment like fertilizer injectors and mixing tanks is used for this purpose.
Pressure Regulation:
Maintaining a constant pressure within the system is crucial for its efficient operation and prevention of damage to pipes/drippers. Pressure regulators are installed at different points along the mainline to control this water flow force.
Control Systems:
Modern sub-surface drip irrigation systems are equipped with automated control systems that monitor and manage the irrigation process. Sensors collect data on soil moisture levels, and pressure readings, among other things, which are then sent to a central control unit. This control unit activates/deactivates the irrigation system as required as per pre-set program using electro-mechanical valves.
Subsurface drip irrigation works in many industries. It benefits commercial farmers and landscapers. It also helps schools and golf courses. Here are some key applications.
Agriculture
Farmers use subsurface drip irrigation for row crops. It is great for vegetable farming. It can also irrigate fruit orchards and vineyards. Farmers can control water flow. They can also save water. Plants grow better with this irrigation system. It is good for organic farming too.
Turf and Landscape
Landscapers install drip irrigation in parks and public gardens. It is also used in residential yards. The system hides the hoses. It keeps the grass and soil intact. The system saves water. It reduces evaporation. Plants get water directly to their roots.
Sports Facilities
Golf courses and athletic fields need good irrigation. Subsurface drip irrigation gives it water where it is needed. It saves water in big areas. It reduces disease risk. Grass and plants stay healthy with this targeted watering.
Education
Schools use drip irrigation on their campuses. They teach students about efficient irrigation systems. Students learn about water conservation and sustainable farming. They see it in action with drip systems.
Research and Development
Agricultural universities and research centers study irrigation. They test new technologies and methods. They use subsurface drip irrigation for controlled experiments. Researchers can precisely measure water supply. They can study the effects on crops.
Some factors to consider when choosing a sub-surface drip irrigation system for a particular farm are as follows.
Soil Type and Condition
Farmers with sandy soils that drain quickly will need a different sub-surface drip irrigation system from those with clay soils that retain water for long. Sandy soils may require more frequent, but shallower, irrigation compared to clay soils.
Crop Water Requirements
The system must be able to supply the right amount of water, at the right time, for optimal crop growth. For instance, high-value vegetable and fruit crops may need more frequent irrigation compared to grain crops.
System Components
When choosing a subsurface drip irrigation system, it is important to consider the quality of the drip tape or pipe, filters, pressure regulators, connectors, and emitters. Components made from durable materials, like UV-resistant plastics, will have a long life and provide good value for money.
Water Source and Quality
The system must be able to use the available water source. However, if the water has a lot of salts or sediments, it may be unsuitable for drip irrigation. This is because dirty water can clog the emitters or damage the plants over time. Farmers may need to treat such water using filtration or desalination processes before using it in their irrigation systems.
Land Topography
Drip irrigation systems work best on flat or gently sloping lands. On very steep hills, it may be hard to maintain water pressure along the drip lines. Farmers with sloped fields may need to use pressure-compensating drip tape or install pressure regulators to solve this problem.
Installation and Maintenance
The ease of installing and maintaining the sub-surface drip irrigation system should be considered. Systems that are simple to put together and do not need constant checks will save farmers time and money in the long run.
Cost and Budget
Finally, the total cost of the system must be evaluated to see if it is within budget. This includes the costs of buying pipes and drip tape, installing the system, and any future repairs. Sometimes, farmers may need to spend more upfront to get high-quality components that will last longer.
Q1. What is the difference between sub-surface and sub-drip irrigation?
A1. The former refers to the position of the drip lines or hoses, which are buried below the surface in the latter case. Sub-surface irrigation usually means that the drip lines or hoses are placed underground, while sub-drip irrigation can apply to both situations.
Q2. What are the advantages of a sub-drip irrigation system?
A2. This system conserves water and keeps foliage dry, reducing the risk of disease. It also allows for targeted watering, leading to healthier plants and efficient water use.
Q3. What types of crops benefit from sub-drip irrigation?
A3. Almost any crop can benefit from it, including fruits, vegetables, and field crops.
Q4. Can sub-drip irrigation work with sandy soils?
A4. Yes, but special care must be taken to prevent deep percolation. Drip lines should be placed closer together in sandy soils.
Q5. What is the lifespan of a sub-drip irrigation system?
A5. The components' lifespan can vary, but drip lines may last 5 to 10 years, while other parts can last longer with proper maintenance.
