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Network analyzers are for making several network measurements. They assist to study radio frequency (RF) and microwave components and systems.
Likewise, after network analyzers were initially developed for testing coaxial cable properties, they have also expanded their usage in various fields of application to become fundamental measurement instruments in multiple industries.
For example, Rohde & Schwarz network analyzers have measurements in comparing S-parameter; thus, they help characterize filters, amplifiers, and other components used in RF and microwave systems. The R&S network analyzers combine a vector network analyzer (VNA) with a high-frequency signal generator. This integration allows the user to perform precise full N-parameter measurements on devices under test (DUT).
Moreover, thanks to innovation, network analyzers have also evolved significantly.
As such, two major types of RF network analyzers now exist:
Vector network analyzers (VNAs)
VNAs are for measuring multiple ports simultaneously.
They serve frequency and time domain responses, thus providing full characterization of RF devices.
Dear users, VNAs are crucial in modern telecom systems, where accuracy and speed are integral aspects of the testing process. The device's accuracy can measure small S-parameter values concerned with today's dense circuit boards and high-frequency RF components.
Transmission line network analyzers
These analyzers are mainly for transmission line measurements.
They help characterize cables, connectors, and other transmission media.
Note, though, that the VNAs can perform similar measurements, which explains why they are sometimes overshadowed. However, transmission line network analyzers focus on providing accurate cable and connector performance data in their primary design, thus adding significant value in systems where these elements are critical.
Vector network analyzers
Vector network analyzers (VNAs) enjoy significant commercial value due to their broad applications across various industries.
For instance, these industries generally include telecommunications, aerospace, and electronics manufacturing. They are also crucial for testing and optimizing components used in 5G networks, satellites, and RF circuit boards, among others.
Hence, the demand for precise testing in these sectors has also substantially increased the VNAs' commercial importance, resulting in notable revenue growth for manufacturers like Rohde & Schwarz.
Transmission line analyzers
Conversely, transmission line network analyzers are well-positioned to serve niche markets where cable performance and integrity measurements are crucial.
In most cases, they include industries requiring extensive coaxial cabling systems such as broadcasting, industrial automation, and travel. These sectors demand high-quality connectors and cables for stable operations.
Thus, the growing need for reliable performance in satellite communications and video transmission services directly increases the demand for transmission line analyzers.
Telecommunication industry
Rohde & Schwarz network analyzers help measure the performance of RF components such as amplifiers, filters, and antennas during the development and production processes. Thus, this ensures that components meet strict industry standards and specifications.
Henceforth, this will lead to improved component longevity and reduce failures in the field, resulting in lower maintenance and replacement costs for businesses.
Aerospace and defense
In this space, VNAs test radar systems, communication devices, and other critical electronics. Therefore, accurate testing helps identify design issues early, which minimizes the risk of field failures and increases the safety and reliability of military and aerospace operations.
Manufacturing and production
The VNAs are so integrated into the quality control process within production lines. Thus, they ensure that the manufactured RF components meet required specifications. This identification of subpar products early on reduces costs and waste and ensures customer satisfaction in delivering reliable products.
Research and development
In this case, R&D teams in various industries use VNAs and transmission line analyzers to develop new technologies like 5G and satellite communications.
As such, these analyzers enable precise measurements, which fuel innovation and help businesses maintain competitiveness in fast-evolving markets.
Frequency range
For the VNAs, they typically cover a wide frequency range, such as from a few megahertz to 67 gigahertz, accommodating most users’ diverse testing needs.
On the other hand, transmission line analyzers also range broadly, encompassing frequencies used in standard telecom circuitry and specialized satellite systems.
S-parameter measurement
The S-parameter measurements offer comprehensive insight when multiple ports are used to characterize device performance. Hence, R&S VNAs perform full N-parameter measurements on such devices.
Signal generation
Integrated signal generators are capable of providing test signals that help emulate real-world operating conditions for the device under test (DUT). Thus, it helps users conduct thorough testing without using external equipment.
Measurement speed
Speed is an important measurement aspect. Conversely, these analyzers are built to deliver fast measurement results. As is the case, their speed vacuums time out of testing processes, enabling high throughput in both manufacturing and field environments.
Multi-channel capability
The multi-channel is another important capability since the VNAs provide simultaneous measurements across multiple ports. Thus, it saves users time when testing complex devices and improves efficiency in their operations.
User interface
Even more, the user-friendly interface ensures easy navigation and control. These interfaces do not only enhance usability, but they also reduce the training burden on staff.
S-parameter measurement
The VNAs are capable of measuring up to 4 S-parameters. In contrast, the transmission line analyzers can handle 2 S-parameters only. While the VNAs also support 4 ports, the transmission line models are restricted to 1 port.
Bandwidth
The RF network analyzers have a typical bandwidth of 1 kHz and a maximum bandwidth of 10 MHz for the vector models. In contrast, transmission line analyzers come with a typical and maximum bandwidth of 10 kHz and 10 MHz.
Frequency range
VNAs cover frequency ranges that extend to roughly 67 GHz. Conversely, transmission line analyzers only reach about 6 GHz. It is worth noting that such frequency coverage primarily depends on the type of test the user will carry out.
Number of ports
Though a key differentiating aspect, the number of ports available in RF network analyzers depends on the model in question. That is, vector analyzers support up to 4 ports, while transmission line analyzers can only measure through 2 ports.
Dynamic range
Dynamic range exemplifies the difference between the smallest and largest signals that can be accurately measured. In this case, vector analyzers achieve a dynamic range of between 90 dB to 100 dB, while transmission line models reach roughly 50 dB to 60 dB.
Measurement speed
There is usually a difference of about 30% in typical measurement speed between the two analyzers regarding ideal conditions. This makes the vector models faster, with typical speed reaching up to 25 ms/point.
RDS display
The R&S Network Analyzer allows for seamless automation and monitoring through the trademarked Remote Desk Service.
Measuring and Displaying S-parameters
These analyzers utilize S-parameters to perform specified four measurements on tested materials. They then present them on dual channels for relative display.
Directional Coupler
The directional coupler is a key part of the network analyzer. In essence, it separates incident and reflected waves to measure the required S-parameters accurately.
Industry needs
In industries focusing on telecommunications, aerospace, or advanced electronics, vector network analyzers will be essential. They are key, for example, in 5G tests and component designs. So considering the industry application can help determine the right analyzer type.
Frequency
Select an analyzer that covers the required frequency range. In essence, VNAs can measure up to 67 GHz in the dynamic range of frequency. On the other hand, transmission line analyzers are good for up to 6 GHz. So, consider the testing needs to select the one that fits the requirements well.
Simultaneous S-parameter measurement
If multiple ports require simultaneous S-parameter measurements, use a vector network analyzer. It can fully characterize complex devices for multiple ports. Meanwhile, transmission line analyzers handle basic two-port measurements, which are sufficient for simpler tasks.
Measurement speed
Consider the speed of measurements, especially for manufacturing or field testing. The R&S VNAs provide quick measurements for large-scale tests. They also reduce downtimes. In addition, their speed enables more frequent testing without much interference with production rates.
Budget
Vector network analyzers are more complex and usually more expensive than transmission line analyzers. If the application requires only basic two-port data, the transmission line models will be the most cost-effective choice. Yet, if the application requires high-performance testing, the budget will surely expand to accommodate premium quality.
Various key elements set VNAs apart from Smith chart analyzers, albeit having some similarities.
Function
VNAs measure and display multiple S-parameters across a frequency range. The data is then typically transferred to a Smith chart for analysis later on. On the other hand, Smith Chart analyzers directly plot measured data onto the chart for immediate visualization.
Measurement scope
Whereas VNAs are generally used for comprehensive RF testing, including full N-port characterization, Smith chart analyzers primarily focus on impedance measurements, which simplifies the tasks at hand.
Application
VNAs have usage across various complex high-frequency applications. These include telecommunications, whereas the use of Smith chart analyzers is most common in basic antenna and impedance matching tests.
Users increase the efficiency of their network analyzers by leveraging automation. They automate time-consuming tasks such as data collection, parameter setup, and report generation to minimize manual input. In addition, users integrate their analyzers with external control systems and software via communication APIs.
Telemetering
Users also employ telemetering methods when remotely operating the analyzers from different locations. This practice is especially beneficial for field testers who have to operate the device under challenging conditions.
Pre-setting
Moreover, users preset particular configurations for the analyzers to use during recurring tests. It will subsequently save time for the operator when preparing for the next test.
Data transfer
Finally, users transfer measurement data fast to external databases or analytical software. It avoids redundant record-keeping steps and expedites the analysis process.
Routine calibration
Regular calibrations keep the analyzer's results accurate, so it is vital to always adhere to the manufacturer's guidelines during the calibration process.
Protective casing
Given the analyzer's sensitive nature, it is important to use a protective case under normal working conditions. The casing helps shield the device from dust, impact, and other environmental factors.
Cooling
As the device operates, it generates heat. Therefore, to avoid overheating, users should ensure there is sufficient airflow around the analyzer.
Software updates
There are frequent updates for the analyzer's software. However, it is crucial to ensure the device is always running on the latest version to enhance performance and add new features.
