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Pyridine dicarboxylic acid is a family of organic compounds as well as a type of dicarboxylic acid. All the three are structural isomers of pyridine with two carboxylic acid groups. They differ in the position of the carboxyl groups on the pyridine ring. Some of the commonly known types include:
2,6-Pyridine dicarboxylic acid
Also known as niacinamide or vitamin B6, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid has carboxyl groups located at the 2 and 6 positions of the pyridine ring. It occurs as a white crystalline solid, soluble in water as well as in alcohol. It possesses several applications in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes. Other uses are in food supplements and nutraceuticals.
2,5-Pyridine dicarboxylic acid
Commonly referred to as quinolinic acid, 2,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan. It can be synthesized from a variety of chemical precursors including 2-amino-3-carboxylic acid and 2,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid. It has carboxyl groups at the 2 and 5 positions. It occurs as a crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water. 2,5-pyridine- dicarboxylic acid has several uses in the production of pharmaceuticals, especially in treatments related to neurological disorders.
3,4-Pyridine dicarboxylic acid
3,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid is also known as isonicotinic acid. The carboxyl groups in this compound are located at the 3 and 4 positions on the pyridine ring. Solubility information on this type of pyridine dicarboxylic acid is not readily available. Synthesized from various starting materials, it finds use in chemical research and may have potential applications in drug development.
Pyridine dicarboxylic acid refers to a group of chemical compounds with industrial applications. These are mainly in the production of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, and dyes.
Agrochemicals
Pyridine dicarboxylic acid can be used in the production of herbicides and pesticides. These help in controlling weeds and pests while promoting crop growth. They serve as key intermediates in the synthesis of various agricultural chemicals that target specific pests or weeds. For instance, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid is used in synthesizing herbicides that inhibit the growth of certain plant species. This helps farmers manage crop health and boost yields without the adverse effects of other chemicals.
Pharmaceuticals
Pyridine dicarboxylic acids are used in the pharmaceutical industry to develop drugs for treating a range of medical conditions. These may include neurodegenerative diseases and inflammation. 2,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid is a precursor to drugs for neurological disorders like Alzheimer's. These help in brain function regulation, hence their use in lessening neurological disorders. Pyridine dicarboxylic acids also play a part in synthesizing anti-infective agents, which treat bacterial or viral infections, and anti-inflammatory drugs that help in reducing inflammation and pain.
Food and Beverages
Pyridine dicarboxylic acid 2,6-isomers specifically, are used in food and beverage applications. They help in formulating food additives, enhancing flavors, and acting as preservatives. They assist in maintaining food freshness and extending shelf life.
Dyes and Pigments
Pyridine dicarboxylic acids play a part in synthesizing various dyes and pigments used in coloring agents. These are applied in textile, plastics, and food industries. For example, 3,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid is used in producing colorfast and vibrant dyes for textiles. This helps in giving them the desired aesthetic appeal and in keeping them color-rich over time. Other isomers are also deployed in creating synthetic organic dyes and pigments. They are favored for their ability to produce bright colors as well as their chemical stability.
The specifications for pyridine dicarboxylic acid may vary depending on the specific isomer and the purity required for industrial or laboratory use. Some of these specifications include:
Classification
Pyridine dicarboxylic acid is classified as an organic compound, a heterocyclic compound, and a carboxylic acid derivative. Its position on the pyridine ring is what mainly differentiates the different isomers of pyridine dicarboxylic acids from each other.
Solubility
This product is typically white to light yellow crystalline powder. It has varying solubilities depending on the isomer. For example, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid is soluble in hot water, ethanol, and ether. 3,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid, on the other hand, is slightly soluble in water but more soluble in ethanol.
Melting point
The melting point varies slightly depending on the specific type of pyridine dicarboxylic acid. For instance, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid melts at approximately 250 degrees Celsius. 2,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid melts at about 240 degrees Celsius. 3,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid melts at about 235 degrees Celsius.
Boiling point
The boiling point also varies for the different isomers of pyridine dicarboxylic acid. For instance, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid boils at 425 degrees Celsius. 3,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid boils at 198 degrees Celsius under reduced pressure.
Molecular weight
Pyridine dicarboxylic acid has a molecular formula of C7H6N2O4. This structure consists of a six-membered pyridine ring with two carboxylic acid functional groups (-COOH) attached at different positions on the ring. The molecular weight is about 182.17 g/mol.
Storage and handling
This product should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. It should also be kept in an airtight container to prevent moisture from affecting its composition. While it is generally considered low in toxicity, appropriate precautions should be taken when handling it. These may include wearing gloves and using safety glasses to avoid skin and eye irritation.
Quality and safety are very important when dealing with pyridine dicarboxylic acid. This is especially so in industrial and laboratory settings. Here are some key aspects to consider:
Purity and quality standards
This is to say pyridine dicarboxylic acid should meet the required purity standards for its intended application. For pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, high purity (typically 98% or greater) is required to ensure efficacy and safety. Contaminants such as heavy metals, residual solvents, or other impurities may adversely affect the product’s performance. They could also impact health or environmental safety.
Hazard identification
Pyridine dicarboxylic acid is generally regarded as having low acute toxicity. However, it is important to note that the isomers may pose different health risks when exposed to. For instance, inhalation of dust or vapors can cause respiratory irritation. Skin contact may lead to irritation or allergic reactions.
Handling and storage precautions
Proper handling practices should be followed to minimize exposure. Always use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, and safety glasses) when handling pyridine dicarboxylic acid. In addition, ensure that there is adequate ventilation in the working area. As for storage, keep the compound in a cool, dry place. Use airtight containers to prevent moisture absorption. Label containers clearly to identify contents and associated hazards.
Environmental considerations
Avoid releasing pyridine dicarboxylic acid into the environment, as it can potentially affect aquatic life. Proper waste management practices should be implemented to prevent contamination of soil and water. Dispose of any waste containing pyridine dicarboxylic acid as hazardous waste in accordance with local regulations.
Emergency procedures
This could involve establishing procedures for dealing with exposure incidents, such as eye flushing or seeking medical attention. Likewise, in the event of spills or releases, appropriate containment and cleanup measures should be in place to minimize environmental and health impacts.
The dicarboxylic acids of pyridine have a long history of connection and development since their discovery. There is a variety of the isomers of pyridine dicarboxylic acid that have been synthesized. These are often from common starting materials like pyridine itself or other heterocyclic compounds. Their positions on the pyridine ring differentiates them.
Historical discovery
Pyridine dicarboxylic acid was first discovered in the 19th century when early chemists began to explore the properties of heterocyclic compounds. This was after the discovery of pyridine by Jean-Baptiste Dumas and other chemists who had isolated pyridine from coal tar. They went ahead to synthesize its carboxylic acid derivatives. 2,6-Pyridine dicarboxylic acid was isolated in the mid-20th century as a by-product of pyridine synthesis from nicotine. This paved the way for the discovery of the other isomers.
Chemical synthesis
The development of modern organic synthesis techniques enabled the efficient production of pyridine dicarboxylic acids. These techniques were referring to as catalytic hydrogenation or carboxylation. The isomers began to be synthesized in greater quantities for research and industrial applications. As mentioned earlier, 2,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid can be synthesized from tryptophan.
Scientific research
Over the years, a number of studies have been carried out to explore the biological and chemical activities of pyridine dicarboxylic acids. This is to say, researchers began examining their potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and materials science. They evaluated how effective 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid was in synthesizing pharmaceuticals, especially those related to neurological disorders. This led to 2,5-diacetylpyridine applications as a drug and for studying diseases like Alzheimer's.
Industrial applications
As demand for pyridine dicarboxylic acid grew so did its commercial applications. By the late 20th century, these acids were being used in the synthesis of herbicides, insecticides, and other agrochemicals. This would help in boosting agricultural productivity. They began to be used as food additives and in developing dyes, and colorants.
Continued innovations
With ongoing research, scientists are still striving to develop new synthetic methods for pyridine dicarboxylic acids. They are exploring greener, more sustainable routes of synthesis that minimize environmental impact. Advances in biotechnology and green chemistry may soon enable the production of these dicarboxylic acids from renewable bio-based feedstocks. This supports environmental sustainability and a circular economy.
