Embedded computer

Types of embedded computers

The embedded computer industry has many types of computers, namely:

• Microcontroller-Based Embedded Systems

  Microcontrollers are small but mighty pieces of embedded computers that control electronic devices in homes and vehicles around the globe. With integrated CPU cores, memory, and programmable input/output ports, they allow an embedded system to be smart and interactive. Microcontroller architecture typically consists of a processor, memory (RAM and ROM), peripheral interfaces, and I/O ports. Common microcontroller families include Arduino, PIC, and Atmel, each offering a range of capabilities for various applications.

• Digital Signal Processors (DSP)

  Digital signal processors are specialized embedded computers optimized for processing digital signals in real-time. They excel at audio processing, communications, radar systems, and any application requiring rapid mathematical computations on sensor data. A DSP typically features specialized instructions, multiple fixed-point ALUs, and architectures to perform fast signal processing algorithms. Texas Instruments and Analog Devices are well-known DSP manufacturers with products powering the latest in signal processing technology.

• Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)

  FPGAs are flexible hardware devices that embedded systems can use to implement custom digital circuits. Unlike microprocessors, which run software programs, FPGAs allow engineers to directly wire up logic functions and create electronic systems tailored to specific needs. They are perfect for applications requiring hardware customization, parallel processing, or prototyping new digital designs. Xilinx and Altera (now part of Intel) are leading FPGA vendors providing reconfigurable hardware for embedded system designs.

• System on Chip (SoC)

  The System on Chip (SoC) fuses the CPU, memory, peripherals, and interfaces onto a single silicon chip. This highly integrated design reduces power consumption, size, and costs for embedded systems. SoCs are excellent for applications requiring a small footprint, low power, and high levels of integration. Popular SoC solutions like Qualcomm Snapdragon and Raspberry Pi integrate essential components, providing everything needed for a complete computing solution in one package.

• Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

  Embedded systems often need operating systems that provide predictable timing and responsiveness. Real-time operating systems (RTOS) ensure critical tasks complete on schedule, enabling tight control in systems like robots, drones, and automation equipment. An RTOS uses techniques like task prioritization, preemption, and timers to guarantee important functions run when needed. FreeRTOS and VxWorks are widely used RTOS software that help embedded systems meet real-time performance requirements.

Function and features of the embedded computer

An embedded PC performs various functions depending on the application. Generally, it collects data from sensors, actuates machines, controls processes, and enables communication in a user-friendly interface. Specifically, it is responsible for the following functions:

• Data collection: An embedded computer collects data from different sensors. Sensors detect and measure changes in temperature, pressure, moisture, movement, and other related factors. The data is then processed and analyzed to make informed decisions.
• Process control: It monitors and controls different processes. It ensures that systems operate under safe and optimal conditions.
• Machine actuation: An embedded system uses the detected data to actuate machines. This may include starting or stopping motors, opening or closing valves, and engaging or disengaging clutches in mechanical systems.
• Communication: These systems enable effective communication between different systems. The aim is to allow data exchange, coordination, and interoperatability among various components of an embedded computing system. This is done through different protocols, which include RS232, CAN, Modbus, Ethernet, and LIN.
• Human-machine interface (HMI): An embedded computer provides a user-friendly interface. This helps in monitoring and controlling embedded systems, which include keyboards, touch screens, digital displays, mouse devices, sliders, and push buttons. HMIs allow operators to interact with machines and receive feedback in the form of audible alerts, alarm notifications systems, or visual prompts.

According to application demand, the function and complexity of an embedded computer may vary. A simple microcontroller suffices for embedded systems performing basic functions. However, more sophisticated systems, like compact embedded computers, are used in applications needing high processing power, large memory capacities, and advanced features like connectivity, graphics, and storage.

• Real-time operation: Many embedded systems require real-time operation capabilities. These have specific deadlines for processing data and rendering responses.
• Low power consumption: An embedded PC consumes lower power. This leads to higher efficiency and prolonged battery life in portable applications.
• Durability and environment suitability: Embedded systems are designed to offer maximum durability. This ensures reliable performance in challenging environments like high-vibration and temperature-industrial settings.

Applications of Embedded Computers

Applications of embedded computers are broad and can be found in various industries, including consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace, medical devices, and telecommunications, among many others.

• Consumer Electronics: Embedded computers are used in many consumer electronic devices, including TVs, cameras, smartphones, tablets, gaming consoles, and home appliances. The embedded consumer electronics computer allows these devices to perform multiple functions, connect to the internet, and even execute programs such as apps and games.
• Automotive: Modern cars have many embedded computers that control almost every function, from engine management to infotainment systems. These automotive embedded computers increase fuel efficiency, improving vehicle performance, increasing safety, and providing entertainment.
• Aerospace: Aircrafts and space crafts have many embedded computers that are crucial for their operations. These aerospace embedded computers control navigation, flight, communication, and monitoring systems.
• Medical Devices: Many medical devices have embedded computers that are responsible for their operation. These computers can be found in devices such as imaging equipment, diagnostic devices, patient monitoring systems, and therapeutic equipment.
• Industrial Automation: Embedded computers are used in industrial automation for machine control, monitoring, and data acquisition. They can be found in robotics, CNC machines, programmable logic controllers, and supervisory control systems.
• Healthcare: The embedded computer system in healthcare applications offers a wide range of services, from patient monitoring and telemedicine to managing health records. Embedded computers in healthcare applications help improve healthcare provision by making it possible for healthcare workers to monitor patients remotely, manage health records electronically, and even provide telemedicine services.
• Telecommunications: Embedded computers are found in communication devices such as routers, satellites, cell phones, and satellites.
• Energy: Applications of embedded computers in energy help monitor, control, and automate energy systems. These embedded computers increase the efficiency and reliability of energy systems such as power plants, oil refineries, and renewable energy systems.

How to Choose Embedded Computer

Choosing an appropriate small embedded computer is crucial to its success. These are some factors to consider;

• Processor Speed

  The processor's clock speed significantly impacts how quickly tasks are completed. A quicker, faster, or more powerful CPU can handle more complex tasks and faster. Selecting an embedded computer with a high-performance CPU or one with multi-core capabilities is advisable if the application needs advanced digital signal processing or complex algorithms.

• Input/Output

  Understanding the input/output ports of the target application is essential. The input/output speed is also a crucial factor to consider when choosing an embedded computer. Its data throughput and the variety and number of input/output ports are essential. Therefore, deciding whether floor space or the embedded computer's input and output port is more vital to the application should be made first. The more ports, the lower data throughput, and vice versa.

• Environmental Conditions

  The environmental conditions surrounding the embedded computer during operation significantly influence its design. It was built to resist the external environment. Considering the computer's need for cooling, deciding between natural and forced cooling, and whether a mobile or stationary power supply is more crucial to the application are the first steps in the embedded computer selection process. An industrial embedded pc is typically used in outdoor applications, and sealed units are often required in dusty, moist, or contaminated environments.

• Availability of Spare Parts/Upkeep

  It is crucial to the embedded computer's overall performance and cost-effectiveness, in addition to spare parts' accessibility and the marketplace's service level. The features and functions of the embedded computer can stay up to date by using its replaceable spare parts.

• System Memory

  The workload and system complexity decide the amount of memory the embedded computer must have. More system memory is better for applications requiring more memory.

• Footprint Size

  The footprint size of the embedded computer should be less than the available space or cabinet size. This is crucial in determining whether the computer is mobile or stationary. The embedded computer is mobile if it is smaller than the footprint size; if it is larger, it is stationary. Where it is more crucial, the mobility of the embedded computer is situated.

• Cost

  While picking an embedded computer, deliberation must be given to important, technology-related factors, but it is also crucial to evaluate the expense of the computer. The cost of purchasing, maintaining, upgrading, and training personnel to use the embedded computer is also necessary to make it flexible and system-wide.

Embedded computer Q & A

Q1: What is the future of embedded computers?

A1: The future is promising and has many possibilities. Forecasts say the global market could reach $500 billion by 2030. Developments in AI, the Internet of Things, and machine learning will create more intelligent and predictive systems. Smaller computers with more power will be budget-friendly for mass production.

Q2: How to choose an embedded computer?

A2: Consider the storage capacity, CPU, RAM, operating system, I/O, expandability, and ruggedness. Each application has unique requirements.

Q3: What is the difference between a PC and an embedded computer?

A3: Regular PCs need user input for computing tasks. Embedded computers run only the pre-installed program. They control and automate machines.

Q4: What operating system do embedded computers use?

A4: They can use many systems like Linux, Android, Windows, QNX, or real-time OS.

Q5: Are embedded computers secure?

A5: Security is always a concern. An embedded computer will have frequent software and firmware updates to protect it.